Biology and Behavior
Glands
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Pituitary gland—gland that secretes growth
hormone, prolactin, antidiuretic hormone, and others
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Adrenal cortex—outer part of adrenal glands,
produces steroids
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Adrenal medulla— inner part of adrenal glands,
produces adrenaline
Body contains glands with and without ducts
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Duct—passageway that carries substances to
specific locations ex: sweat, saliva, tears
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Ductless glands-make up the endocrine system,
secrete hormones
Hormone—substance that regulates various body
functions
The Hypothalamus and The Pituitary Gland
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Hormones are released into the bloodstream
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Circulate through entire body act only in
specific locations
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Pituitary gland-most important to the body’s
functioning, lies below hypothalmus
Negative feedback—when a desired level of
a hormone is secreted, the gland is signaled to stop
Excess of hormones lead to problems
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Growth hormones, Prolactin, antidiuretic hormone
The Pancreas
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Pancreas—gland behind the stomach, secretions
control blood sugar levels
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Secretes insulin and glucagon
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Hyperglycemia, hypoglycemia
The Thyroid Gland
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Thyroxin hormone
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Regulates metabolism
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Hypothyroidism, hyperthyroidism
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Cretinism—stunted growth and mental retardation
The Adrenal Glands
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Located above kidney
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Outer layer (cortex), inner core (medulla)
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Releases cortical steroids—muscle development,
energy, resistance to stress
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Adrenaline
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The Testes and the Ovaries
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Testosterone—male sex hormone
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Estrogen and progesterone—female sex hormones
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Secondary sex characteristics—physical traits
different between sexes, but not involved in reproduction
Biology and Behavior:
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Genes and Chromosomes
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Genes-basic building blocks of heredity
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Chromosomes-genetic structures, each contain
over 1,000 genes, 1 human cell contains 46
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Heredity-transmission of traits from one generation
to another
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Genetics and Behavior Genetics
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Behavior genetics-specialty which bridges
psychology and biology, concerned with transmission of traits that give
rise to patterns of behavior
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Genetic influences are factors in physical
traits as well as psychological traits such as neuroticism and shyness
Genotypes-genetic codes which specify traits
Phenotypes- the actual traits
Nature vs. Nurture
Mitosis and Meiosis
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Mitosis-process of cell division (somatic
cells)
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New cells have an identical 46 chromosomes
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Meiosis-process of cell division (gametes)
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Sperm and ova each have only 23 chromosomes
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X and Y chromosomes
Mitosis
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Double Helix DNA
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Identical and Fraternal Twins
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Zygote-a fertilized egg cell
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Identical/Monozygotic twins-twins who develop
from an single zygote
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Dizigotic/fraternal twins-twins who develop
from separate zygotes
Dominant and Recessive Traits
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Allele-each member of a pair of genes
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Homozygous-having 2 identical alleles
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Ex: bb=brown eyes, bb=blue eyes,
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Heterozygous-having 2 different alleles
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Dominant trait-trait that is expressed
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Recessive trait-trait that is only expressed
when with another recessive gene
Experiments in Selective Breeding
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Animals can be selectively bred to enhance
certain traits
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Psychological traits
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Rats, dogs, chickens
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